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Columbus
Nevada first was settled in 1865 just after the American Civil war and
begin with boasting a quartz mill. Many of the miners lived in the
middle of the Columbus Salt Marsh which at one time in ancient times
was part of the Lahontan Sea. Since the lake has vanished it has left
high quantities of salt behind and within the marsh borax which is used
for cleaning detergents, cosmetics, enamels, soaps, antiseptics,
soldering metals, manufacturing artificial gems, gold processing and
various polishers to clean metal. The Columbus Quartz Mill was built
here because it was the only stop for several miles with a sufficient
amount of water to run such a mill but also sustain a small population
of miners who lived within the marsh. While you had other boomtowns
like Belmont,
Tonopah,
Manhatten, Sodaville,
Mina,
Candelaria, Metallic City (Pickhandle Gulch) and even Coaldale
Nevada were simply to far away for many of the pioneers who
settled the region. In order to sustain a town in the high deserts of
Nevada you needed creeks, springs and lakes. Water was necessary in
order to keep a mill operable but the residents also needed it for
drinking. Prior to 1865 a group of Spanish Miners came to the marsh in 1863 they did some silver ore mining nothing substantial though. Just two years later it was the white European prospectors that came to the marsh to establish a town and mill. As in Columbus's earlier days Silver Mining and some gold were the prime focus. The marsh provided an abundance of salt deposits which could be used as an ingredient in the chlorination of processing silver ore at the mill. The mill was erected by Samuel Young's and his partner A.J. Holmes. Both of the men had explored the marsh and found that water here was in abundance. Not allot of other camps had a fresh water supplies sure Tonopah had its springs and at the time was not a town but an area that many pioneers watered down there horses. Many of the miners would stop at Coaldale Junction which was where two major wagon routes met and had a stage stop, hotel and small town for those picking up supplies on the way to Columbus just 14 miles away. But in between such towns or even stage stops water was scarce and in the summer without it made many of the pioneers lives very difficult as Nevada was in its early beginnings of being settled. I found out that the people who lived four miles away in Candelaria often had to make the trek up to Columbia just to get water. Eventually they laid a pipe from Trail Canyon in Columbia all the way to downtown Candelaria. I read that when the quartz mill was being built there was wagons carrying the beams and other pieces for its construction that were caught in a flash flood during transport. Many of the beams, equipment and parts for that mill were scattered due to the flood because it slammed into the wagons carrying them. After the flash flood many of the pieces would have to be collected and salvaged. As a matter in fact they found enough pieces that a four-stamp mill would be erected. Once the mill was operable the miners of Candelaria could then export ore over the Candelaria Hills to Columbus four miles to the Southeast via animal pack train. It was a daunting task as one can imagine trying to ship thousands of pounds of ore over the mountains but eventually rather then pack trains wagons were used instead and it was the Chinese Laborers who drove them. It was allot of work to get the wagons to the top of the hills then have to roll them downhill into Columbus. At times the wagons would go so fast downhill the ore would be simply fall right onto the road. This is why in Nevada so many old wagon and mining roads are rocky. Its because allot of ore would be dropped just trying to get your team up and over the mountainous terrain here in Nevada. It did not take long for a camp to boom near the quartz mill which boasted about 200 residents. There was a hotel here made of timber and adobe which allot of the towns first locals complained about. It also had a saloon but folks complained about it being dusty from the winds gusting over the marsh so the rooms were drafty and it was not a big structure perhaps around 20' in length. Chances are if you visited Columbus you would have had a drink at the saloon then a hot meal and bunk up for the night at this hotel. Most of the miners that came here would have no choice but to either set up a tent or stay at the hotel until they could build a homestead here. Columbus remained as a small town perhaps you could say in 1869 it was merely dwindling due to Young's and Holmes getting into a legal battle. When Young's won Holmes left Columbus he was out for blood or at least revenge. He returned to Candelaria purchasing the Northern Belle mine then purposely stopped the shipment of ore to Columbus therefore the stamps went quiet meanwhile Holmes built a new stamp mill and founded his very own town nearby named Belleville. You could imagine how badly this had hurt Columbus's economy since many of the residents here worked at the local mill. In 1871 Borax was discovered in the marsh however nobody knows for sure if it was a William Troup (Troop) or a Francis M. "Borax King" Smith who discovered it. Both men had taken an interest in the white dust that blew across the expanse and marsh. It turned out it was Ulexite or known today as borax. Today borax is still being mined here as a matter in fact most of the countries borax that gets distributed today is mined here believe it or not. As the story goes Troup was a Comstock Lode silver miner in Virginia CityDeath Valley California who ran test on the white substance blowing across the marsh determining it was borax. However, historians say it was Frances Smith who was the Borax King in. You see Smith was making his living by hauling wood from faraway hills then supplying it to the mills of Columbus. In order to build a processing mill you needed allot of lumber and of course being that it was scarce it also could be used in the construction of miners cabins. So while Smith crossed the marsh he ran across the Borax and staked claim to the entire area. If you read a book by William Caruthers, in his "Loafing Along Death Valley Trails" (Ontario: Death Valley Publishing Co., 1951) says that Francis M. "Borax" Smith discovered the borax at Columbus Marsh. Soon after the discovery William Troup opened up four Borax companies which would mine the deposits found throughout the marsh. Of course it was Smith who eventually gained possession of the borax works in Columbus creating the Pacific Coast Borax Company. The town began to transition where silver mining and processing was a thing of the past. The Columbus Mining District in Southwestern Nevada became one of the Silver States most productive districts which included the boom towns of Candelaria, Metallic City, Belleville and Sodaville. With severe new companies opening up in 1873 by 1875 Columbus boasted a post office, butcher shop, blacksmith, saloons, cemetery, hotels, iron foundry, school, post office, several businesses and a newspaper known as The Borax Miner. This was the towns hey day when at least a 1,000 people lived here sadly that same year the town peaked it began to also decline when two major borax companies pulled out and moved elsewhere. This included Frances Smith's Borax Company which was relocated to Fish Lake Valley where new borax deposits had been discovered. By 1881 borax mining came to an end because there were no longer any companies around to mine it. About 100 residents lived here that same year but by 1885 Columbus became merely a semi-ghost town. I did do a little research and found out that the post office did not close till 1899 so that tells me that Columbus must had been somewhat functional. Several attempts were made to revive borax mining here after that but none lasted. Their are signs that some miners may have operated smaller mining operations themselves by living on site but for the most part the marsh remained uninhabited. Once the companies left the area despite the fact that there was an abundance of borax still left to be mined here the mining was ceased because you had no mills to process what was being mined. If you explore this ghost town its very scattered a few cabins, debris like lumber piles, stone ruins, bed springs and small areas where some borax mining had been done. Nothing out of the ordinary just your typical ghost town and some of the oldest parts of the town at the bottom of the Candelaria Hills where various mills stood. You can visit remnants of the old borax works and the Broken Toe Mine sadly though not much is left and during our expedition which was done in a snowstorm it made it very difficult to see some of the ruins and remnants of this little ghost town. However, its a beautiful expanse surrounded by volcanic slopes of the Candelaria Hills to the north and the monolithic Monte Cristo Mountains to the east. While you stand in this white expanse which is completely flat with no trees growing and minimal vegetation due to it being a slat marsh. But in the warmer months when the snow is gone the contrast between the mountains and salt marsh is rather breathtaking. That view has never changed so if you visit Columbus your seeing what the towns first pioneers witnessed when they came over the hills to settle the marsh in their horse drawn wagon. There is also a cemetery which contains about 200 interments or rather wood crosses of course many of the crosses are long gone and every grave is unmarked except a man who has the same last name as me "Rowe" which is kind of ironic perhaps even creepy for me at least. With that being said Columbus is considered to be a haunted ghost town others who have ventured here have claimed to have recorded miner ghost warning explorers about deep mines. Allot of people tend to forget that this was a fairly large town and people died and were buried here. Some of people who braved Columbus truly never left and today they are watching over what little remains. Columbus like any boom town had its ups and its downs but it also had some lawlessness that is just part of the wild western culture. For example in 1873 a New Year's dance was held with there being only two women in town at the time. One of the women was a Chilean guitarist playing with the orchestra entertaining the local miners. A man named Victor Monega asked to dance with her but the lady refused. The man having a hard time with being rejected picked up her guitar smashing it to the ground. Antonio Rivera had gotten in between the guitartist and Monega when he was stabbed in the chest. Monega was thrown into jail but a group of drunk residents within the town removed him from his cell where they lynched him at the butcher shop. Since the town had no trees keep in mind it was a salt marsh they hung Monega from a windlass in the shop. After lynching Monega the men left him to hang while they went drinking when they came back to see if he was deceased Monega was convulsing and they left him hanging. The following morning when the coroner arrived they concluded he was day and the townsfolk were celebrating his death which is a bit morbid when you think about it. Just days after Monega's death a couple San Bernardino deputes who arrived with a warrant came to town to apprehend him for two murders he committed. Monega had gotten what he deserved which was swift wild western justice. Columbus is one of these ghost towns that not allot of people know about which is why I enjoyed exploring and adding it to our site. Only a handful of ghost town exploration groups have done research here it would seem that Tonopah and Belmont Nevada tend to steel the limelight. Despite how open the salt marsh is its very difficult to see Columbus till your right up on it. The town does not contain any monolithic structures except for its mills that are tucked away in the Candelaria Hills. In a few years nature and the elements are probably going to erase what little is left. Which is the case with many ghost towns that are fading away and its up to groups like ours to somehow, someway and charismatically keep them alive through the rich history they offer. I heard that Columbus was named after Christopher Columbus who found the new world. So perhaps Columbus was named after this historic figure because its founders felt that this town offered prospects, discovery and a chance for pioneers to build dreams here similar to the first explorers who came to America the new world. Today there is a large borax mine in Columbus therefore the salt marsh has never really been fully abandoned. Borax is an important mineral to be mined in the 1800's and today not much has changed. You can find borax just about anywhere even in cleaning products and soaps. What would have happened if Columbus's mills stuck around would this have turned into a major city. When you stand in the expanse its easy to imagine a city in it and a city that never transpired thus today Columbus remains in ruins, forgotten and slowly consumed by the salt marsh surrounding it. Copyright By: Lord Rick aka AngelOfThyNight PGS Founder Author, News Editor, Talk Show Host, Producer and Paranormal Investigator |
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